Use of Progesterone - Scientific References

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After publishing my blog "She needs progesterone, uterus or not!" I received a few requests for scientific references on beneficial effects of natural progesterone. Below is a list I hope you will find useful. I also posted a more extensive list of progesterone references divided into topic categories on ZRT website.

PROGESTERONE (General)

1. Speroff L, Glass R, Kase N; Gynecological Endocrinolgy and Infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
2. Fraser, Ian S. Estrogens and Progestogens in Clinical Practice. London, England: Churchill Livingstone, 1998.
3. Holtorf K. The Bioidentical Hormone Debate: Are Bioidentical Hormones (Estradiol, Estriol, and Progesterone) Safer or More Efficacious than Commonly Used Synthetic Versions in Hormone Replacement Therapy? Postgraduate Medicine, Volume 121, Issue 1, January 2009, ISSN – 0032-5481, e-ISSN – 1941-9260
4. Stanczyk, FZ. Percutaneous administration of progesterone: blood levels and endometrial protection Menopause: The Journal of The North American Menopause Society Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 232-237
5. Leonetti H, Wilson KJ, Anasti J. Topical progesterone has an antiproliferative effect on estrogen-stimulated endometium. Fertil Steril Jan 2003. 79(1):221-22
6. Warren M, Shantha S. Uses of Progesterone in Clinical Practice. Int J Fertil 1999; 44(2):96-103
7. Girouard LG, Holm RC. The Role of natural Pogesterone in Natural Hormone Replacement Therapy. IJPC May/June 2001
8. Stephenson K, et al. Trasndermal Progesterone: Effects on Menopausal Symptoms and Thrombotic, Anticoagulant, and Inflammatory Factors in Post Menopausal Women. IJPC Sept/Oct 2003
9. Moskowitz D; Changing Views: The Emergence and Efficacy of Natural Hormones in the Treatment of Menopause. JANA. Fall 2000;3(3):36-44.
10. de Lignières B, et al; Risks and Benefits of Hormone Replacement Therapy. Cephalalgia. 2000.20(3):164-169.
11. de Lignières B, et al; Pharmacodynamics of Oestrogens and Progestogens. Cephalalgia, 2000:20(3):200-207.
12. Ward D; Natural Progesterone: The “Feel-Good” Hormone. Vitamin Research Nutritional News April 1997.
13. de Lignières B; Oral Micronized Progesterone. Clinical Therapeutics. 1999; 21(1):41-60.
14. Martorano JY, et al; Differentiating Between natural Progesterone and Synthetic Progestins: Clinical Implications for Premenstrual Syndrome and Perimenopause Management. Comp Ther. 1998; 24(6/7): 336-339.
15. Barentsen R, et al; Progestogens: Pharmacological Characteristics and Clinically Relevant Differences. J Eur Menopause 1996; (4):266-271.
16. Maxson WS, et al; Bioavailability of Oral Micronized Progesterone. Fertility & Sterility. Nov. 1985; 44(5): 622-626.
17. Norman TR, et al; Comparative Bioavailability of Orally and Vaginally Administered Progesterone. Fertility & Sterility. Dec 1991; 56(6):1034-1039.
18. Richards-Kustan CJ, et al; Diagnosis and Management of Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Bleeding. Obsteterics & Gynecology Clinics of N. America. March 1987;14(1):169-189.
19. Cicinelli E, et al; Effects of Progesterone Administered by Nasal Spray on the Human Postmenopausal Endometrium. Maturitas March 9, 1993;65-72.
20. Miles RA, et al.; Pharmacokinetics and Endometrial Tissue Levels of Progesterone After Administration by Intramuscular and Vaginal Routes: A Comparative Study. Fertil Steril, Sept. 1994; 62(3);485-90.
21. Leonetti HB, Wilson KJ, Anasi JN. ; Topical Progesterone Cream Has Antiproliferative Effect on Estrogen-Stimulated Endometrium. Fertil Steril, 2003 Jan;79(1):221-2.
22. Cheng W, et al; Two Antiatherogenic Effects of Progesterone on Human Macrophages; Inhibition of Cholestryl Ester Synthesis and Block of Its Enhancement by Glucocorticoids. J Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999; 84(1):265-271.
23. Desai H; Natural Progesterone Therapy in the Treatment of Preeclampsia. Unpublished, May 2001, Professional Compounding Centers of America.
24. Baulieu EE, Schumaker M. Neurosteroids, with special reference to the effect of progesterone on myelination in peripheral nerves. Mult Scler 1997;3:105-112.
25. Wright DW, et al. Serum Progesterone levels correlate with decreased cerebral edema after traumatic brain injury in male rats. J Neurotrauma 2001;18:901-909.
26. Landau RL, et al.; Inhibition of the Sodium-Retaining Influence of Aldosterone by Progesterone. Recent Progress in Hormone Research. Nov 85 Vol 18:1237-1245.
27. Laidlaw, et al.; The Influence of Estrogen and Progesterone on Aldosterone Excretion. Recent Progress in Hormone research Feb 1962 Vol 22:16-171.
28. Landau RL, et al; The Catabolic and Nutriuretic Effects of Progesterone in Man. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 1964 pg 249-284.
29. Corvol P, et al; Effect of Progesterone and Progestins on Water and Salt Metabolism. Progesterone and Progestins, 1983 pg 179-186.
30. Tavaniotou A, et al; Comparison between different routes of progesterone administration as luteal phase support in infertility treatments. Human Reproduction Update 2000; 6(2):139-148.
31. O’Leary P. Carlstrom K, Damber J, et al. Salivary, but not serum or urinary levels of progesterone are elevated after topical application of progesterone cream to pre-and postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000 Nov;53(5):615-20.
32. Graham C; Physiological action of progesterone in target tissues. Endoc Rev 1997;18:502-519.
33. Leonetti H, Wilson J, Anasti J. Transdermal Progesterone Cream for Vasomotor Symptoms and Postmenopausal Bone Loss. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Aug;94(2): 225-8.
34. Kim S, Korhonen M, Wilborn W, Foldesy R, Snipes W, Hodgen GD, Anderson FD. Antiproliferative effects of low-dose micronized progesterone. Fertil Steril. 1996 Feb;65(2):323-31.
35. Gillet JY, Andre G, Faguer B, Erny R, Buvat-Herbaut M, Domin MA, Kuhn JM, Hedon B, Drapier-Faure E, Barrat J, et al. Induction of amenorrhea during hormone replacement therapy: optimal micronized progesterone dose. A multicenter study. Maturitas. 1994 Aug;19(2):103-15
36. Burry K, Patton P, Hermsmeyer K. Percutaneous absorption of progesterone in postmenopausal women treated with transdermal estrogen. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Jun;180(6 Pt 1):1504-11.
37. Carey B, Carey A, Patel S, et al. A study to evaluate serum and urinary hormone levels following short and long term administration of two regimens of progesterone cream in postmenopausal women. BJOG. 2000 Jun;107(6):722-6.
38. Lane G, Siddle NC, Ryder TA, Pryse-Davies J, King RJ, Whitehead MI. Dose dependent effects of oral progesterone on the oestrogenised postmenopausal endometrium. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983 Oct 29;287(6401):1241-5
39. Rudel HW, Kinel Fa. The toxicity of progesterone. In International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics. Tausck M, editor. Pergamon Press, New York, 1971, pg 405-9.